In addition to the various plug types explained in the above sections, there are multiple different types of mains plug socket available. Each is best suited to varying applications, and the advantages differ between socket types.
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Some of the core mains socket types are explored in greater detail below:
A USB mains socket can be found as an additional accessory on a standard mains plug socket. The USB port can typically be located on either the top or the side of the socket.
USB mains sockets are becoming increasingly common in the UK. They are seen as a simple way to quickly attach devices such as mobile phones for easy charging. A mains plug with USB socket can enable the user to either power or charge their appliance with the use of a USB cable.
A remote-control mains socket allows the user to select the socket that they would like to be active. Remote mains sockets work by plugging the receiver socket into the wall, then plugging the device or appliance into the socket.
For example, a remote might feature five buttons. Each button on the remote corresponds to a particular socket. When the first button on the remote is pressed by the user, the corresponding socket is turned on. In turn, the device or appliance is also turned on.
Remote-control mains sockets are useful, offering the potential for a greater level of automation and better-connected environments. Remote-control mains socket adaptors are also available to simplify the process and ensure a straightforward connection.
A mains timer socket allows the user to set a timer for the duration they want the socket to be active. This works on a similar principle to automatic lights which are only switched on during pre-set active hours.
Digital mains timer sockets can also prove useful in commercial and industrial environments. This way, sockets can be set to only activate during specified operational hours, remaining inactive overnight or outside of usual working hours.
Heating and air-conditioning systems, plumbing, electrical outlets and wiring (including lighting), and other mechanical systems are typically detailed in MEP (mechanical, electric, plumbing) plans, and installed by specialists in their field. While builders don't need to understand everything in the MEP plans, builders should be aware of how these systems will operate and where the wires and pipes will be placed.
Architects also include information about outlets and switches in their power and data plans'which are part of the blueprints package'though these are generally not as comprehensive as MEP plans. Some elements of these plans will have more direct implications for builders as recessed lighting, ceiling fans, and features that have to be blocked (surrounded by a small frame) for support.
Of the different systems on MEP plans, you'll want to pay special attention to the electrical elements and their placement. Jordan Smith explains in his Introduction to Reading Blueprints course:
'The homeowner is going to interact with electrical much more than they're going to interact with things like plumbing lines or HVAC ductwork. There's going to be many points throughout the house where the homeowner's going to interact with light switches, with appliances and other things that are fed through the electrical system. So the architect pays a lot of attention to the electrical design.'
While installation of the wiring and outlets will be left to an electrician, here are common blueprint symbols. These will typically also be listed in a legend, so it isn't necessary to memorize them all.
Common Electrical and Lighting Symbols
1. Duplexes
A circle off of the wall and connected to it by two parallel lines represents a typical outlet (or receptacle) with two sockets. Abbreviations and numbers next to the duplex provide additional information.
For example, GFCI indicates a ground-fault circuit interrupter (an outlet with a built-in fast acting circuit breaker that prevents electric shocks and will typically be used with outlets near water, in bathrooms and kitchens). The number 220 next to a duplex indicates it's a 220-volt outlet, commonly used for appliances that require 220 volts, like ovens and dryers.
Finally, if you see a square around a duplex or a quad (that is an outlet with four sockets) that indicates it's a floor receptacle.
2. Lights and fans
The basic symbol for most lights is a circle and, as with duplexes, variations on how it is drawn and abbreviations next to it convey additional and essential information. The key on the floor plans will explain the particular symbols used on any project.
For example, half of the circle may be shaded black to indicate it's an LED wall washer; the letter W next to it indicates it is intended for a wet area (like a bathroom). A recessed light is sometimes represented by a diagonal slash across the circle, though in other plans the letter R next to the circle is used to indicate that it should be recessed.
Heating and air-conditioning systems, plumbing, electrical outlets and wiring (including lighting), and other mechanical systems are typically detailed in MEP (mechanical, electric, plumbing) plans, and installed by specialists in their field. While builders don't need to understand everything in the MEP plans, builders should be aware of how these systems will operate and where the wires and pipes will be placed.
Architects also include information about outlets and switches in their power and data plans'which are part of the blueprints package'though these are generally not as comprehensive as MEP plans. Some elements of these plans will have more direct implications for builders as recessed lighting, ceiling fans, and features that have to be blocked (surrounded by a small frame) for support.
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Of the different systems on MEP plans, you'll want to pay special attention to the electrical elements and their placement. Jordan Smith explains in his Introduction to Reading Blueprints course:
'The homeowner is going to interact with electrical much more than they're going to interact with things like plumbing lines or HVAC ductwork. There's going to be many points throughout the house where the homeowner's going to interact with light switches, with appliances and other things that are fed through the electrical system. So the architect pays a lot of attention to the electrical design.'
While installation of the wiring and outlets will be left to an electrician, here are common blueprint symbols. These will typically also be listed in a legend, so it isn't necessary to memorize them all.
Common Electrical and Lighting Symbols
1. Duplexes
A circle off of the wall and connected to it by two parallel lines represents a typical outlet (or receptacle) with two sockets. Abbreviations and numbers next to the duplex provide additional information.
For example, GFCI indicates a ground-fault circuit interrupter (an outlet with a built-in fast acting circuit breaker that prevents electric shocks and will typically be used with outlets near water, in bathrooms and kitchens). The number 220 next to a duplex indicates it's a 220-volt outlet, commonly used for appliances that require 220 volts, like ovens and dryers.
Finally, if you see a square around a duplex or a quad (that is an outlet with four sockets) that indicates it's a floor receptacle.
2. Lights and fans
The basic symbol for most lights is a circle and, as with duplexes, variations on how it is drawn and abbreviations next to it convey additional and essential information. The key on the floor plans will explain the particular symbols used on any project.
For example, half of the circle may be shaded black to indicate it's an LED wall washer; the letter W next to it indicates it is intended for a wet area (like a bathroom). A recessed light is sometimes represented by a diagonal slash across the circle, though in other plans the letter R next to the circle is used to indicate that it should be recessed.
Not all lights are represented by circles, however. A line with half-circles on each end may be used for under-cabinet lighting, and a line with small circles on either side is often used for strip lighting.
Ceiling fans are often also represented by a circle, though with two angled lines extending off of it, symbolically representing (at least in a very loose way) the blades of a fan. A ceiling fan may also be indicated by a circle with three blades extending out from it. As Jordan explains, the lighting symbols are of special concern for builders because you have to make sure that you put blocking'that is, framing members'in all of these places to support ceiling fans and fixtures.
3. Switches
When you see something that looks like a dollar sign on a plan, though with only one vertical bar, that's the common symbol for a switch. (Sometimes the bar is omitted and you'll see only an S.) If it doesn't have any other notation next to it, an S alone represents the most basic of switches, a single-pole one, but of course there's a huge variety of switches in contemporary houses.
Three- or four-way switches, with one light controlled by multiple switches, are indicated by a small numeral next to the S. Dimmer, fused, remote-controlled, and weather-proofed switches, to pick a few examples, are typically indicated by abbreviations next to the S.
4. Appliances
Outlets for larger appliances are often indicated by a triangle. Abbreviations next to them will indicate which appliance they are intended for: CD (clothes dryer), CW (clothes washer), DW (dish washer), R (refrigerator), etc. A television is typically indicated by the letters TV in a box.
5. Wire Runs
Curving dashed lines on a floor plan, connecting switches and fixtures indicate (roughly) the route of wiring throughout the house. These wire runs are not precisely located on the floor plan'and they don't have to be. It will be the job of a master electrician to figure out the most appropriate placement for wires.
The dashed lines on the floor plan are mostly for you, as the builder, to better understand how the future homeowner will live in the space, and which switches will correspond to which lights or other fixtures. At those points where you see one dashed line leap over another, it doesn't necessarily mean they will meet at that exact spot. Instead the plan is indicating to you simply that the two wire runs will pass by each other at some point in the room.
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