Over the past couple of years, LiFePO4 (Lithium iron phosphate) batteries have become a popular choice to charge appliances. These types of batteries are used in solar generators due to their long lifecycle, improved safety features, high energy density, and more.
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Understanding how to read the LiFePO4 voltage chart lets you monitor the battery's performance and ensure safe operation.
One popular battery backup for off-grid living is the Jackery Explorer 2000 Plus. It has an expandable LiFePO4 battery that seamlessly charges 99% of home appliances. With the help of Jackery Battery Pack 2000 Plus, you can expand the capacity from 2kWh to 24kWh.
If you are looking for an outdoor charging solution with a compact size and reasonable wattage, the Jackery Explorer 300 Plus Portable Power Station and Jackery Explorer 1000 Plus Portable Power Station have your back. They have foldable handles to carry the battery backup from one place or another, making the on-the-go charging experience a breeze.
Products
Image
Capacity
Rated / Peak Power
AC Output
Size
Explorer 2000 Plus
2-24 kWh
3000W (6000W Peak)
(×4)：120V~ 60Hz, 20A Max
(×1): 120V~ 60Hz, 25A Max
Length: 14.7 in (37.36 cm)
Width: 18.6 in (47.3 cm)
Height: 14.1 in (35.94 cm)
Explorer 1000 Plus
1.25-5 kWh
2000W (4000W Peak)
(x3): 120V~60Hz, 2000W (4000W Peak)
Length: 14 in (35.6 cm)
Width: 10.24 in (26 cm)
Height: 11.14 in (28.3 cm)
Explorer 300 Plus
288Wh
300W (600W Surge)
(x1): 120V, 60Hz, 300W (600W Peak)
Length: 9.1 in (23 cm)
Width: 6.1 in (15.5 cm)
Height: 6.6 in (16.7 cm)
LiFePO4 (short for lithium iron phosphate) batteries are the safest and most popular batteries integrated into solar power systems. They are becoming increasingly popular, all thanks to their long lifecycle, high energy density, and improved safety features.
The voltage of the LiFePO4 cells depends on the state of charge. Whenever the battery charges and discharges, the LiFePO4 battery voltage rises. If the LiFePO4 battery voltage is higher, it can store more energy and increase the overall capacity.
The lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery voltage chart represents the state of charge (usually in percentage) of 1 cell based on different voltages, like 12V, 24V, and 48V.
Percentage (SOC)
1 Cell
12V
24V
48V
100% Charging
3.65
14.6
29.2
58.4
100% Rest
3.40
13.6
27.2
54.4
90%
3.35
13.4
26.8
53.6
80%
3.32
13.3
26.6
53.1
70%
3.30
13.2
26.4
52.8
60%
3.27
13.1
26.1
52.3
50%
3.26
13.0
26.1
52.2
40%
3.25
13.0
26.0
52.0
30%
3.22
12.9
25.8
51.5
20%
3.20
12.8
25.6
51.2
10%
3.00
12.0
24.0
48.0
0%
2.50
10.0
20.0
40.0
Individual LiFePO4 cells typically have a 3.2V nominal voltage. The cells are fully charged at 3.65V, and at 2.5V, they become fully discharged.
12V 100Ah LiFePO4 batteries are a great upgrade for 12V lead acid batteries. They are one of the safest batteries for off-grid solar systems. When they are fully charged, the battery voltage becomes 14.6V. It drops to 10 volts when fully discharged. The below 12V LiFePO4 battery voltage chart reveals how the voltage drops with respect to battery capacity.
You can either purchase a 24V LiFePO4 battery or buy two identical 12V LiFePO4 batteries and connect them in series. These batteries are fully charged at 29.2V and drop to 20 volts when discharging.
48V batteries are generally used in larger solar power systems. The high-voltage solar system keeps the amperage low, helping you save high on equipment and wiring costs.
A battery's SoC (state of charge) indicates the remaining capacity that can be discharged over the battery pack's total capacity. Suppose you have a battery pack rated 100Ah and still have 30Ah left to discharge. In this case, the SoC will be 30%.
In other words, if you charge the battery to 100Ah and then discharge around 70Ah, it will still have 30Ah left. The SoC of a battery depends on its voltage and vice versa. When the battery is charged, the voltage increases.
The following SoC and LiFePO4 battery voltage chart reveals the relationship between the two parameters.
SOC (100%)
Voltage (V)
100
3.60-3.65
90
3.50-3.55
80
3.45-3.50
70
3.40-3.45
60
3.35-3.40
50
3.30-3.35
40
3.25-3.30
30
3.20-3.25
20
3.10-3.20
10
2.90-3.00
0
2.00-2.50
State of the Charge Curve
There are different ways to determine the battery's SoC, such as voltage, counting coulombs, and specific gravity.
If you want to extend the battery's lifespan, you need to charge the LiFePO4 battery properly. Each battery type has a level of voltage that must be reached to get maximum performance while improving the battery's health. You may use the SoC chart as a guide while recharging the batteries. For example, 90% charge for a 24V battery is 26.8V.
The state of the charge curve indicates how the 1-cell battery voltage varies depending on charging time.
LiFePO4 Battery Charging Parameters
Some basic LiFePO4 battery charging parameters include different types of voltages, such as charging, float, maximum/minimum, and nominal. The below table reveals the battery charging parameters at 3.2V, 12V, 24V, and 48V.
Characteristics
3.2V
12V
24V
48V
Charging Voltage
3.5~3.65V
14.2~14.6V
28.4V~29.2V
56.8V~58.4V
Float Voltage
3.2V
13.6V
27.2V
54.4V
Maximum Voltage
3.65V
14.6V
29.2V
58.4V
Minimum Voltage
2.5V
10V
20V
40V
Nominal Voltage
3.2V
12V/12.8V
24V/25.6V
48V/51.2V
Float, Bulk, and Equalize Voltage of LiFePO4
One important thing to note is that lithium only supports bulk charging. Once the LiFePO4 battery is fully charged, it shuts off.
The three most common types of voltages include bulk, float, and equalize.
Bulk Voltage: This is the voltage at which the battery is charged faster. It usually occurs during the initial stage of charging, when the battery is completely discharged. The bulk voltage of a 12-volt LiFePO4 battery is 14.6V.
Float Voltage: Generally lower than the bulk voltage, it is the maintained voltage once the battery is fully charged. The float voltage of a 12-volt LiFePO4 battery is 13.5V.
Equalize Voltage: Equalization is an important process that must be performed regularly to maintain the battery capacity. The 12-volt LiFePO4 battery's equalized voltage is 14.6V.
Types
3.2V
12V
24V
48V
Bulk
3.65V
14.6V
29.2V
58.4V
Float
3.375V
13.5V
27.0V
54.0V
Equalize
3.65V
14.6V
29.2V
58.4V
Battery Discharge Curve
Discharge means the power is withdrawn from the battery to charge appliances. The battery discharge chart typically represents the relationship between voltage and discharge time.
Below is the 12V LiFePO4 discharge curve at different discharge rates.
One of the most important things you need to extend the battery's lifespan is DoD or Depth of Discharge. It is the discharged battery capacity in relation to its overall capacity. In other words, the more the LiFePO4 battery is charged and recharged, the shorter its lifespan will be.
The discharge is typically shown using charts and curves. You will need to look at the depth of discharge to determine the fraction of power withdrawn from a battery. A battery discharge rate is the process when the battery completely loses its charge.
The following table reveals the batteries with different Ah ratings and their maximum discharge current at different time intervals.
Battery or Battery Pack Ah Rating
7 Minute Maximum Discharge Current
30 Minute Maximum Discharge Current
5Ah
15 Amps
10 Amps
7Ah
21 Amps
14 Amps
8Ah
24 Amps
16 Amps
9Ah
27 Amps
18 Amps
10Ah
31 Amps
21 Amps
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12Ah
36 Amps
24 Amps
14Ah
42 Amps
31 Amps
15Ah
44 Amps
32 Amps
18Ah
57 Amps
40 Amps
22Ah
66 Amps
46 Amps
35Ah
105 Amps
84 Amps
LiFePO4 battery voltage affects the performance, power it can deliver, the overall lifespan, and the amount of energy it can store.
Capacity: The two important terms — battery capacity and voltage — are directly proportional to one another. When the voltage increases, the battery capacity also increases. This means a 24V LiFePO4 battery has a higher capacity than a 12V battery of the same size.
Charging: All the LiFePO4 batteries need a specific charging voltage and current for best performance. When the charging voltage is too low, the battery will not charge fully, eventually reducing capacity. If the voltage becomes too high, it often contributes to overcharging and can damage the battery.
Discharging: The discharge voltage of the LiFePO4 battery also affects the performance. When you discharge the battery below the recommended voltage level, it leads to irreversible battery damage and reduces its lifespan.
Efficiency: LiFePO4's battery is directly proportional to the voltage. A higher voltage battery is more efficient in supplying power to the devices. If you want a highly efficient LiFePO4 battery, consider choosing a higher voltage of LiFePO4.
Lifespan: A LiFePO4 battery with higher voltage may have a longer lifespan than a low-voltage battery. This means a higher voltage battery can handle more charge cycles.
Checking the LiFePO4 battery capacity is one of the best ways to keep it safe and enhance its lifespan. Below are the three simple methods to measure the capacity and ensure it is not fully discharged.
Method 1: Check via Multimeter
Checking the open circuit battery voltage via a multimeter method is moderately accurate. However, there is one downside. You'll have to disconnect all loads and chargers and keep the battery at rest.
First, you must remove the loads and chargers attached to the LiFePO4 battery. Wait 15-30 minutes before measuring the open circuit voltage using the multimeter. You can compare it with the SoC chart in your battery manual or the voltage curve chart.
Method 2: Use a Battery Monitor
This is one of the most accessible and reliable methods to measure battery capacity. All you need to do is connect a high-quality battery monitor to the battery and determine the charge level.
Method 3: Use a Solar Charge Controller
Using the solar charge controller to determine the battery capacity may seem convenient, but it is not a very accurate method. The voltage reading is mainly inaccurate as the measurement is done with loads and chargers attached.
Jackery is the pioneer in manufacturing superior-quality solar products, including solar panels, solar generators, and power stations. Whether you're living off-grid, camping, or want a backup solution for your home, Jackery Explorer Portable Power Stations has your back.
Jackery Solar Generators combine highly efficient Jackery SolarSaga Solar Panels and Jackery Explorer Portable Power Stations that work in tandem to produce electricity. When placed under direct sunlight, the Jackery SolarSaga Solar Panels absorb and eventually convert the solar energy into electricity. The Jackery Explorer Portable Power Stations converts the DC to AC current to charge electrical appliances.
The Jackery Explorer 2000 Plus Portable Power Station is built with a LiFePO4 battery of 2042.8Wh capacity. Connecting additional Jackery Battery Pack 2000 Plus will help you expand the capacity from 2kWh to 24kWh.
With the assistance of 6*Jackery SolarSaga 200W Solar Panels, you can fully recharge this power station in only 2 hours. The battery backup solution is capable of charging 99% of your home or outdoor appliances for extended periods. It works at 44.8V and has an ampere rating of 45.6.
The Jackery Explorer 1000 Plus Portable Power Station has a LiFePO4 battery of 1264Wh with a 2000W output. It can be expanded from 1.25kWh to 5kWh with the help of Jackery Battery Pack 1000 Plus.
You can recharge the power station in 2 hours using 4*Jackery SolarSaga 200W Solar Panels. It is an easy-to-carry charging solution ideal for camping, off-road traveling, home emergencies, and more. The power station works well at 41.6V DC and has an Ah rating of 30.4.
The Jackery Explorer 300 Plus Portable Power Station features a LiFePO4 battery of 288Wh capacity and a total power output of 300W. It also has dual PD ports to supply 100W output, supporting faster charging for multiple appliances.
The Jackery Solar Generator 300 Plus combines Jackery Explorer 300 Plus Portable Power Station and book-sized Jackery SolarSaga 40W Solar Panels that can slip easily into your backpack. The power station works well at 12.8V DC and has an Ah rating of 22.5.
Product
Explorer 2000 Plus
Explorer 1000 Plus
Explorer 300 Plus
Capacity
2-24kWh
1.25-5kWh
288Wh
Battery Cell
LiFePO4
LiFePO4
LiFePO4
Dimension
Length: 14.7 in (37.36 cm)
Width: 18.6 in (47.3 cm)
Height: 14.1 in (35.94 cm)
Length: 14 in (35.6 cm)
Width: 10.24 in (26 cm)
Height: 11.14 in (28.3 cm)
Length: 9.1 in (23 cm)
Width: 6.1 in (15.5 cm)
Height: 6.6 in (16.7 cm)
Noise Level
30dB
Less than 30dB
Less than 45dB
Recharging Methods
Solar Recharging: 2 H (6*Jackery SolarSaga 200W Solar Panels)
Wall Recharging: 2 H
Car Recharging: 26 H
Solar Recharging: 2 H (4*Jackery SolarSaga 200W Solar Panels)
Wall Recharging: 1.7 H
Car Recharging: 7 H
Solar Recharging: 9.5 H (1*Jackery SolarSaga 40W Solar Panels)
Wall Recharging: 2 H
Car Recharging: 5.5 H
Output Ports
AC Output (×4): 120V~ 60Hz, 20A Max
AC Output (×1)：120V~ 60Hz, 25A Max, AC Total Output，3000W Max, 6000W surge peak
USB-A Output (x2): Quick Charge 3.0, 18W Max
USB-C Output (x2): 100W Max, (5V, 9V, 12V, 15V, 20V up to 5A)
AC Output (x3): 120V~60Hz, 2000W (4000W Peak)
USB-A Output (x2): 18W Max, 5-5V⎓3A
USB-C Output (x2): 100W Max, (5V, 9V, 12V, 15V, 20V up to 5A)
AC Output (x1): 120V, 60Hz, 300W (600W Peak)
USB-A Output (x1): 15W Max 5V⎓3A
USB-C Output (x1): 15W Max 5V⎓3A
USB-C Output (x2): 100W Max, 5V⎓3A (5V, 9V, 12V, 15V, 20V up to 5A)
Working Hours
Blender (300W): 5.7H
Space Heater (350W): 4.9H
Microwave (700W): 2.4H
Kettle (850W): 2H
Coffee Maker (1120W): 1.5H
Blender (300W): 3.5H
Space Heater (350W): 3H
Microwave (700W): 1.5H
Kettle (850W): 1.2H
Coffee Maker (1120W): 57 min
Drone (90W): 2.7H
Camera (8.4W): 29H
Computer (80W): 3H
Gaming Console (18W): 13.6H
Smart Speaker (10W): 24.4H
LiFePO4 is a reliable and long-lasting battery that has recently gained popularity. With appropriate maintenance, these batteries can last up to ten years.
Here are a few factors that can affect the 12V LiFePO4 battery lifespan.
Over-discharging any LiFePO4 battery can cause irreversible damage to the battery and can even reduce its lifespan. It is advised to keep the DoD of the LiFePO4 battery below 80% to maximize its lifespan.
One of the simple methods to boost the lifespan or charging/discharging rates is by increasing the battery's Ah capacity. The nylon tape around the cells and keeping the battery at a cool temperature can also improve the lifespan.
Voltage
Capacity
Charge Cycles
Lifespan (Above 80% Original Capacity)
(V)
(Ah %)
(If charged and discharged to each of these voltages every day)
(Charged once a day)
14.4V
100%
3200 cycles
9 years
13.6V
100%
3200 cycles
9 years
13.4V
99%
3200 cycles
9 years
13.3V
90%
4500 cycles
12.5 years
13.2V
70%
8000 cycles
20 years
13.1V
40%
8000 cycles
20 years
13.0V
30%
8000 cycles
20 years
12.9V
20%
8000 cycles
20 years
12.8V
17%
6000 cycles
16.5 years
12.5V
14%
4500 cycles
12.5 years
12.0V
9%
4500 cycles
12.5 years
10.0V
0%
3200 cycles
9 years
What is the minimum voltage damage for LiFePO4?
The minimum voltage damage for 12V LiFePO4 batteries is around 10V. If the LiFePO4 battery is discharged below the minimum voltage, it will likely be permanently damaged. That's why it's vital to check the LiFePO4 battery voltage chart and ensure you safely charge your batteries.
What is the low voltage cutoff for LiFePO4?
The low voltage cutoff for LiFePO4 is the predetermined voltage threshold below which any battery should not discharge. The value for LiFePO4 battery is around 2.5V per cell.
What voltage should LiFePO4 bulk absorb?
The LiFePO4 bulk/absorb voltage lies between 14.2 and 14.6 volts. A voltage of 14.0 volts is also possible with the help of some absorb time. Slightly higher voltages of around 14.8-15.0 volts are also possible before disconnecting the battery.
How do I know if my LiFePO4 battery is bad?
No battery can last forever, no matter how good it is. A LiFePO4 battery may start degrading after a few years, and you may see some signs of degradation. Here are a few of them.
Even though LiFePO4 batteries are not the least expensive or budget-friendly, they are the most cost-effective in the long run. You can quickly check the battery's SoC using the LiFePO4 voltage chart.
Jackery Explorer 2000 Plus Power Stations are built with a high-quality LiFePO4 battery. It has a battery capacity of 2042.8Wh, which ensures a reliable power supply. You can charge most of your home or outdoor appliances using the solar generator.
Understanding LiFePO4 Low Voltage Cutoff for Extended Battery Lifespan
In today's world of portable devices and renewable energy systems, battery technology plays a pivotal role. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries have gained significant attention due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and improved safety compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. One crucial aspect that affects the lifespan and performance of LiFePO4 batteries is the low voltage cutoff. In this article, we'll delve into what LiFePO4 low voltage cutoff is, why it's important, and how to optimize it for extended battery longevity.
Introduction
LiFePO4 batteries have revolutionized energy storage due to their remarkable features. However, maintaining these batteries at optimal levels requires an understanding of low voltage cutoff and its implications.
The Significance of Low Voltage Cutoff
Low voltage cutoff refers to the minimum voltage level at which a battery is considered safe for discharge. It's a critical parameter as it helps prevent over-discharge, a condition that can lead to irreversible damage and reduced battery life.
LiFePO4 batteries, also known as LFP batteries, stand out for their stable chemistry and safety profile. Their composition consists of lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material, offering excellent thermal and chemical stability.
Advantages over Traditional Lithium-ion Batteries
Compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries, LiFePO4 batteries offer several advantages. These include longer cycle life, enhanced safety, and tolerance to high temperatures. These features make them ideal for applications like electric vehicles, solar energy storage, and portable electronics.
The Role of V
oltage in Battery Operation
Voltage is a key indicator of a battery's state of charge. Two essential voltage levels associated with LiFePO4 batteries are Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) and nominal voltage. OCV represents the battery's voltage when not connected to any load, while nominal voltage indicates its average voltage during operation.
Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)
OCV helps estimate the battery's charge level when it's not in use. For LiFePO4 batteries, a typical OCV range is around 3.2V to 3.3V per cell.
Nominal Voltage
The nominal voltage of LiFePO4 batteries is usually 3.2V per cell, resulting in a typical 12.8V for a 4-cell battery pack.
Low Voltage Cutoff Explained
What is Low Voltage Cutoff?
Low voltage cutoff is the predetermined voltage threshold below which a battery should not discharge. For LiFePO4 batteries, this threshold is often set around 2.5V per cell.
Importance of Avoiding Deep Discharge
Deep discharge, where a battery's voltage drops significantly below the low voltage cutoff, can lead to irreversible damage. It's crucial to avoid this state to prolong battery life.
Effects of Deep Discharge on LiFePO4 Batteries
Capacity Loss
Deep discharges contribute to capacity loss over time, reducing the overall energy the battery can store.
Increased Internal Resistance
Deep discharges also increase the battery's internal resistance, leading to heat generation and reduced efficiency.
Risk of Battery Damage
Batteries discharged below their cutoff voltage can experience structural damage, diminishing their performance and safety.
Setting the Right Low Voltage Cutoff
Manufacturer Recommendations
Manufacturers often provide guidelines for the optimal low voltage cutoff to ensure battery longevity. Adhering to these recommendations is essential.
Customizing Cutoff for Specific Applications
In some cases, customizing the low voltage cutoff can optimize battery performance for specific applications. However, caution must be exercised not to compromise battery life.
Battery Management Systems (BMS) and Cutoff
Battery Management Systems play a vital role in monitoring and controlling battery parameters, including low voltage cutoff. They enhance battery safety and performance.
Optimizing Battery Lifespan
Regular Maintenance
Routine checks on voltage levels and adherence to recommended cutoffs contribute to maintaining battery health.
Avoiding Prolonged Storage at Low Charge
Storing LiFePO4 batteries with low charge for extended periods can lead to deep discharge. Proper storage voltage is essential for long-term battery preservation.
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