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Spectrum analyzer featuresStructure of “Sweep Type Spectrum Analyzer”
A spectrum analyzer is essential for understanding the distribution of frequency components. Improvements in digital technology over the past decade have led to the emergence of high-performance measuring instruments.However, there are many types, and many people may not know which measuring instrument to choose. Therefore, in this article, we will discuss the basics of spectrum analyzers, their types, and points to consider when selecting one.A spectrum analyzer is a specialized measuring instrument that displays the relationship between frequency and power/voltage in a graph. You can measure signal frequency components, power, adjacent channel leakage power, etc. It is used for a variety of applications, including the design and evaluation of electronic circuits and communication equipment, and the detection of electromagnetic interference and obstacles.The distinction between a spectrum analyzer and an oscilloscope lies in their unique methods of signal visualization. While a spectrum analyzer scrutinizes and presents the frequency content of a signal, an oscilloscope showcases signal changes over time.A spectrum analyzer is a tool for visualizing the frequency components of electronic signals, enabling in-depth analysis of frequency distribution, harmonics, noise, and other frequency-related data. Widely applied in fields like wireless communications, audio engineering, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing, spectrum analyzers play a pivotal role in signal analysis.On the other hand, an oscilloscope focuses on illustrating variations in electrical signals across time, offering direct observation of parameters such as signal amplitude, period, phase, and waveform distortion. Indispensable across diverse industries including electrical engineering, telecommunications, and automotive sectors, oscilloscopes are vital for debugging, design validation, and electronic circuit maintenance.A spectrum analyzer will be easier to understand if you know the basic structure of the “sweep type spectrum analyzer.”There are two main types of spectrum analyzers. There is a sweep method using superheterodyne technology and a real-time method using digital technology.A swept spectrum analyzer is a method that measures the frequency components and amplitude of a signal by sweeping a certain frequency range. The basic structure of a spectrum analyzer allows you to sweep a wideband spectrum in one go. It uses the same mechanism as a radio or receiver, and can only measure the targeted frequency range.Since the signal passes through an IF filter (RBW), the noise level is low. This measuring instrument is suitable when the measurement signal is stable or does not fluctuate significantly. It is especially good at sweeping a wide range of frequencies where the LO signal exceeds 1GHz.Only one frequency point can be measured at a time, so multiple frequency points cannot be measured simultaneously. If a signal suddenly occurs or fluctuates, data will be missed.Measurements also depend on frequency resolution (RBW). If you try to increase the resolution, the response will be slower and more difficult to measure. There is a trade-off relationship between measurement results and sweep speed, so appropriate settings are required.Analog systems are no longer able to keep up with the wide-ranging evolution of digital communications in recent years. Therefore, the digital sweep type spectrum analyzer was born.This is a measuring instrument that digitizes the input signal with an A/D converter and displays the frequency components using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). It is also called a signal analyzer to distinguish it from the conventional analog type.By converting digital signals into frequency components, three-dimensional measurements of time, frequency, and level are possible. Another major advantage is that Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technology makes it possible to perform measurements all at once. It is also suitable for measuring unsteady signals over a short period of time.Digitization makes recording, playback, and sharing easier, and allows for calm analysis after measurement. The benefit of being able to analyze from various angles also contributed to the development of industry.Although the benefits of digitalization have been enormous, there are also disadvantages. The digital measurement frequency range does not support signals from a few MHz to 100MHz. This is because the analysis frequency width of the digital method is determined by the IF filter bandwidth.A multi-filter real-time spectrum analyzer is a method of analyzing signals by arraying many filters consecutively along the frequency axis. Because a single signal passes through many filters, many signals can be processed in real time.It is used for octave analyzers, 1/3 octave analyzers, signals used in Bluetooth, sudden noises, burst signals, etc.This is a spectrum analyzer that overcomes the weakness of swept-type spectrum analyzers: signals whose frequency changes over time. Because the analysis is performed through multiple filters at once, changing signals such as suddenly occurring noise can be observed without interruption.Since a large number of filters must be used, cost and size tend to be disadvantages.If the filter bandwidth is widened, it is possible to reduce the size with fewer filters, but the resolution may drop and the data may not be usable. Currently, it is only used for special purposes.A digital real-time spectrum analyzer is a method that continuously captures and analyzes input signals. Perform digital frequency analysis using a Fourier transform machine in real time.Current real-time spectrum analyzers refer to this instrument. It is possible to accurately measure and analyze unsteady RF signals.A major advantage is that it can measure broadband information all at once. Also, by overlapping the timing of fast Fourier transform (FFT), you can reduce missing data.Even if the signal output time is short, it can be measured reliably, and it is possible to measure signals and noise that occur suddenly.Since the acquisition bandwidth is limited by the sampling rate of the A/D converter, there are also restrictions on span and resolution settings.Also, since a wide band can be captured all at once, the power of the entire band appears as noise. It may be difficult to measure if you are not used to it.A USB-connected spectrum analyzer is a type of spectrum analyzer that connects and operates via a PC’s USB port.The main unit is relatively small, and the spectrum analysis function can be used by installing dedicated software on a PC. This device uses internal electronic circuitry to process the signal, and software on a PC to display the signal’s spectrum and analyze it.Ideal for mobile use, working in a space-saving environment, or when you want to keep costs down.USB-connected spectrum analyzers are small and lightweight, making them highly portable. Convenient for on-site measurements and on-the-go use.Additionally, compared to typical standalone spectrum analyzers, USB-connected types are often priced lower, making them suitable for those on a tight budget.On the other hand, there may be limitations in terms of measurement performance and functionality. In particular, dynamic range, sensitivity, and frequency resolution may be limited.Also, since it is a USB connection, power supply from the PC being used is required. When used externally, your PC’s battery life may limit your work time.So far, we have introduced the types of spectrum analyzers and their advantages and disadvantages. In the next section, we will introduce five criteria to compare when choosing a spectrum analyzer. Read on to the next section to choose the spectrum analyzer that’s right for your company.What factors should you look for when choosing a new spectrum analyzer? Here we will introduce the factors you should pay attention to when purchasing.Sweep and real-time measurement instruments each have their own advantages and disadvantages. It is necessary to use them according to need.The sweep type has the advantage of lowering the noise level in the bandwidth you want to observe because it uses an IF filter to remove noise. However, it also has the disadvantage that there are many signal drops that occur intermittently.On the other hand, the real-time method can analyze wideband signals in a single measurement. It has a high noise level and is not suitable for measuring signals with a large dynamic range.Spectrum analyzers come with specific frequency ranges for measurement. The frequencies available for analysis vary depending on the instrument type and its features, so it’s essential to consider this when making a purchase decision.It is important to note that the frequency range is often closely related to the selling price.For instance, swept spectrum analyzers offer varying capabilities: analog types excel in measuring frequencies exceeding 1GHz, while digital types are optimal for frequencies ranging from several MHz to 100MHz.DANL (Displayed Average Noise Level), is also known as Level. It is used to signify how small a signal a spectrum analyzer can measure. Signals below the notation cannot be read, so be sure to clarify which signal you want to measure.This refers to the bandwidth of the IF filter of a swept spectrum analyzer. There is a trade-off between measurement results and measurement speed. Make sure you are careful and select equipment with specifications that allow for appropriate settings depending on the application you wish to use them for.When selecting a spectrum analyzer for purchase, it is important to aim for a balance between the available budget and the desired performance and functionality. Typically, price and performance go hand in hand, emphasizing the importance of choosing the right model based on intended usage, required accuracy, and functionality.Higher-priced spectrum analyzers often boast superior sensitivity, wider dynamic range, faster sweep speeds, and enhanced durability.On the other hand, budget-friendly spectrum analyzers may offer only basic performance, limiting their ability to conduct advanced analyses or specialized measurements. However, they present a low initial investment, making them suitable for short-term use or cost-conscious projects.Now that we have a better idea as to what kind of spectrum analyzer you might want, lets look into some well known companies with experience in manufacturing spectrum analyzersLet us now take a look at a few major manufacturers of spectrum analyzers.Micronics develops electronic measurement, information communication, and environment-related equipment in the high frequency range. Although relatively small in size, it has performance and functions comparable to large bench type spectrum analyzers.RIGOL Technologies Co.,Ltd. is a Chinese company founded in 1998. They develop and manufacture oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, signal generators, multimeters, DC power supplies, etc. They have obtained many patents in China, demonstrating their high technological capabilities and market compatibility.Keysight Technologies is a U.S.-based manufacturer of electronic test and measurement equipment and the predecessor of the electronic test and measurement division of Hewlett-Packard (HP). With a history of over 80 years, their technological capabilities can be said to be among the highest rated in the world. This Japanese corporation is headquartered in Hachioji, Tokyo.Ono Sokki is a manufacturer that develops and sells sensors, measurement equipment, software, etc. The spectrum analyzer uses a digital FFT method, and features a lineup that suits your needs, such as handheld type and PC type.A German company with three business divisions: electronic measurement, technology systems, and security. Their measurement accuracy is quite high, and the company has gained a lot of trust from engineers in the industry. They also sell spectrum analyzers that meet a variety of needs and are used in a range of different industries.Texio Technology is a manufacturer specializing in DC stabilized power supplies and electronic measuring instruments. In addition to oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers, they are also involved in the design and production of power supply related equipment and custom power supplies. Boasting years of experience in the field of spectrum analyzers and power supplies, this is a company that will definitely be an asset to your business.Even seemingly complicated frequencies can be analyzed efficiently if you can understand the principles of the measuring instrument and each component. Spectrum analyzers are tools that make your work more efficient, so choose one that suits your unique needs.Is the company really suitable for your business? Are you choosing the right model? Please feel free to contact us if you have any concerns.We will consider the differences between each product and company and suggest the option that best suits your business and its unique needs.
A spectrum analyzer is a device that measures and displays signal amplitude (strength) as it varies by frequency within its frequency range (spectrum). The frequency appears on the horizontal (X) axis, and the amplitude is displayed on the vertical (Y) axis. It looks like an oscilloscope, and in fact, some devices can function as either oscilloscopes or spectrum analyzers.
Radio frequency (RF) signals and wireless communications are ubiquitous today thanks to Wi-Fi, mobile networking and communications, wireless internet of things device sensors, traditional radio, RADAR and more. To test and design such circuits and systems, it is useful to see the entire signal spectrum and other factors like spurious signals, noise, modulated signal width, etc.
Devices like swept spectrum analyzers and vector signal analyzers do not provide such capabilities. Also, they provide only snapshots of the signal in either the frequency or modulation domain, which cannot describe the dynamic and transient nature of modern RF signals.
This is where spectrum analyzers are valuable.
A spectrum analyzer displays a spectrum of signal amplitudes on different frequencies. It enables analysis that determines whether signals fall within required limits. It displays spurious signals, complex waveforms, rare short-duration events and noise. Spectrum analyzers can also analyze transient signals, capture burst transmissions and glitches, and show if stronger signals are masking weaker ones.
These devices are frequently used to examine the dynamic frequency spectrum of modern RF and audio signals that change over time. They display the individual elements of signals and the performance of the circuits producing them. Organizations also use them to determine what modifications may be needed to reduce interference and so improve the performance of Wi-Fi systems and wireless routers.
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A spectrum analyzer can be used for measuring frequency response and noise distortion, occupied bandwidth and interference sources, and pre-compliance testing.
There are several different kinds of spectrum analyzers.
A swept-tuned, or superheterodyne, spectrum analyzer down-converts part of the input signal to the center frequency of a bandpass filter by running a voltage-controlled oscillator across a range of frequencies. This enables the full frequency range of the device to be analyzed. In this case, the resolution bandwidth is closely related to the minimum bandwidth detectable by the device and is controlled by the bandpass filter. A smaller bandwidth yields a higher spectral resolution, and vice versa.
Some digital spectrum analyzers use Fourier transforms -- a way of decomposing a signal into its individual frequencies. These analyzers need a sampling frequency at least twice the bandwidth because frequency resolution is the inverse of the time over which the wave is measured and Fourier transformed.
Real-time analyzers collect real-time bandwidth and sample the incoming RF spectrum in a limited span of time, converting the information using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. Because it's real-time data collection, there is no blind time, and there are no gaps in the calculated RF spectrum.
Spectrum analyzers can also be used in the audio spectrum, displaying volume levels of frequency bands audible to humans. This method is aimed at analyzing the harmonics of an audio signal. Once known as wave analyzers, these types of spectrum analyzers are widely used by sound engineers and can run on almost any computer equipped with a sound card.
With swept-tuned analyzers, there is a tradeoff between how rapidly the display can update a full frequency span and resolution. With weak signals, a pre-amplifier is needed before analysis.
FFT analyzers can strain the capabilities of analog-to-digital converters. They also require significant processing power, limiting the possible frequency range that can be analyzed.
Real-time FFT analyzers offer good resolution and reduce sampling gaps, however.
Spectrum analyzer visualizing airwaves
With most spectrum analyzers, users can set a start and stop frequency, as well as a center frequency halfway. These are also the axis for the frequency used to determine the span, aka passband -- for example, the range between the start and stop frequencies. The spectrum analyzer measures the radio noise floor and analyzes how close two signals can be while still being resolved into two separate peaks.
It uses a linear scale for signal frequency and a logarithmic or decibel scale for amplitude. The latter enables the device to see and display signals with large amplitude differences on the same screen.
A spectrum analyzer's interface can be connected to a wireless receiver or personal computer to enable visual detection and analysis of electromagnetic signals over a defined band of frequencies. Called panoramic reception, this can help determine the frequencies of interference sources to wireless networking equipment, like Wi-Fi and wireless routers.
Real-time spectrum analyzers examine signals using real-time digital signal processing (DSP), which is done prior to storage in memory. This enables users to dive deeper into signals and discover events that are invisible to other kinds of devices. They can also perform signal conditioning and calibration and extensively analyze the data in memory using batch processing.
In real-time spectrum analyzers, DSP and a control processor that controls the device display provide advanced capabilities that swept-tuned spectrum analyzers and vector signal analyzers lack. They also enable the automation of several routines.
People often use spectrum analyzers to examine the dynamic frequency spectrum of modern radio frequencies and audio signals that change over time.
On the display of a spectrum analyzer, output signals at frequencies other than the intended communications frequency appear as vertical lines (pips). This makes them useful to determine whether a wireless transmitter is working according to government-defined standards for emissions purity, i.e., whether the transmitter is staying within its allocated frequency band and not causing interference in other bands.
In addition to RF design and testing, spectrum analyzers are also useful for electronic circuit design and electronics manufacturing and repair.
A real-time spectrum analyzer is particularly helpful for the following:
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