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Flat-panel displays are thin panels of glass or plastic used for electronically displaying text, images, or video. Liquid crystal displays (LCD), OLED (organic light emitting diode) and microLED displays are not quite the same; since LCD uses a liquid crystal that reacts to an electric current blocking light or allowing it to pass through the panel, whereas OLED/microLED displays consist of electroluminescent organic/inorganic materials that generate light when a current is passed through the material. LCD, OLED and microLED displays are driven using LTPS, IGZO, LTPO, and A-Si TFT transistor technologies as their backplane using ITO to supply current to the transistors and in turn to the liquid crystal or electroluminescent material. Segment and passive OLED and LC displays (LCDs) do not use a backplane but use indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent conductive material, to pass current to the electroluminescent material or liquid crystal. In LCDs, there is an even layer of liquid crystal throughout the panel whereas an OLED display has the electroluminescent material only where it is meant to light up. OLEDs, LCDs and microLEDs can be made flexible and transparent, but LCDs require a backlight because they cannot emit light on their own like OLEDs and microLEDs.
LCD panel manufacturers
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Liquid-crystal display (or LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures. They are usually made of glass but they can also be made out of plastic. Some manufacturers make transparent LCD panels and special sequential color segment LCDs that have higher than usual refresh rates and an RGB backlight. The backlight is synchronized with the display so that the colors will show up as needed. The list of LCD manufacturers:
OLED panel manufacturers
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Organic light emitting diode (or OLED displays) is a thin, flat panel made of glass or plastic used for electronically displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures. OLED panels can also take the shape of a light panel, where red, green and blue light emitting materials are stacked to create a white light panel. OLED displays can also be made transparent and/or flexible and these transparent panels are available on the market and are widely used in smartphones with under-display optical fingerprint sensors. LCD and OLED displays are available in different shapes, the most prominent of which is a circular display, which is used in smartwatches. The list of OLED display manufacturers:
Below are some manufacturers that make OLED light panels:
MicroLED panel manufacturers
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MicroLED displays is an emerging flat-panel display technology consisting of arrays of microscopic LEDs forming the individual pixel elements. Like OLED, microLED offers infinite contrast ratio, but unlike OLED, microLED is immune to screen burn-in, and consumes less power while having higher light output, as it uses LEDs instead of organic electroluminescent materials, The list of MicroLED display manufacturers:
Sony produces and sells commercial MicroLED displays called CLEDIS (Crystal-LED Integrated Displays, also called Canvas-LED) in small quantities.[31] Samsung sells a luxury and commercial product called "The Wall", which consists of several microLED display modules tiled together, like in most video walls.
Below are some manufacturers that make MicroLED light panels:
LCD panel fabrication plants
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This list lists current LCD fabrication facilities, former facilities are below this first table. LCDs are made in a glass substrate. For OLED, the substrate can also be plastic. The size of the substrates are specified in generations, with each generation using a larger substrate. For example, a 4th generation substrate is larger in size than a 3rd generation substrate. A larger substrate allows for more panels to be cut from a single substrate, or for larger panels to be made, akin to increasing wafer sizes in the semiconductor industry. Panel Inputs per month is how many substrates can a plant process per month.
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Company Plant name Plant location Plant cost (in US$ billions) Started production Substrate panel size (in generations) Process technology (TFT, IPS, LTPS, IGZO, etc.) Panel inputs per month Ceased Production Samsung, former S-LCD Asan South Korea , gen 7, gen 8[74][75] 362,000[76] Late , turned into amoled production[77] Chunghwa Picture Tubes Taoyuan[78] Taiwan[79] (as CRT display factory), (gen 3), (gen 4) gen 3, gen 4 TFT gen 3: 40,000, gen4: 72,600 , sold to giantplus and tce photomasks, gen 3 still operated by giantplus, gen 4 line sold to giantplus, equipment sold and line demolished, remainder operated by tce Panasonic Himeji[80] Japan, Himeji gen 8 TFT , now makes Li-ion batteries[81][82][83]OLED fabrication plants
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Only actual plants are listed, former plants should be placed on a table below this one.
MicroLED fabrication plants
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Only actual plants are listed, former plants should be placed on a table below this one.
Company Plant name Plant location Plant cost (in US$ billions) Started production Substrate panel size (in generations) Process technology (TFT, LTPS, IGZO, LTPO, etc.) Panel inputs per month Luumii[129] Suzhou Suzhou, China 40,000 (increasing to 100,000 by the end of ) Leyard-Epistar[130] Wuxi, China 0.143 (under construction) Plessey Semiconductors Ltd[131] Plessey Semiconductors Ltd Roborough, Plymouth, United Kingdom [132]See also
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References
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While LG Display isn't the only manufacturer out there making OLED panels, it's pretty much the only one that counts when it comes to the size and quality of OLED panels required for today's TV sets. Reports have recently emerged from multiple sources, though, suggesting that another display manufacturer, BoE, is preparing to start making OLED panels big enough for TV use too.
China-based BoE has been making vast quantities of small OLED displays since , predominantly for the mobile market. It surprised visitors to May's Display Week Show in San Jose, though, by showing off an OLED display that was about as far from mobile -sized as it's possible to get: a 95-inch screen with a native 8K resolution.
I should say right away that this screen was positioned at Display Week as a prototype. BoE was not saying that the screen was something TV brands could get their hands on right away. Still, the screen's presence at Display Week surely has to be seen as some sign of intent. Not to mention proof that its various OLED manufacturing lines actually have the capacity to put something so big and high-end together.
The well connected people at market research company Display Supply Chain Consultants confirmed on the back of the Display Week showing that BoE really does seem intent on making such large panels on a commercial basis. Assuming that their information is correct (it usually is), it doesn't require much of a mental leap to think that such a move would spell good news for OLED-loving consumers. After all, more panel suppliers means more competition, which usually in turn means cheaper prices and more innovation.
Before we, and our wallets, start getting too excited at the thought of a new generation of cut-price OLED TVs, though, it's worth looking a bit more closely at BoE's situation.
For starters, don't forget that BoE's 95-inch OLED prototype really was a very high-end affair. Its combination of a huge screen and native 8K rather than 4K resolution was joined by a native 120Hz refresh rate, coverage of around 99% of the DCI-P3 colour range, and pretty high peak brightness of 800 nits ' the sort of specifications that consumers can currently expect to spend tens of thousands of pounds to secure. LG's latest 'mere' 88-inch native 8K OLED model, for instance, the OLED88Z2, costs a cool £25,000 / $25,000 / AU$60,000 at the time of writing. Even if BoE manages to deliver a king-sized OLED panel cheaply enough to enable TV brands to sell huge OLED TVs for much less than that, it's safe to say they will still hardly be mainstream propositions.
(Image credit: LG)
But maybe BoE was just showing off what it can do with its 95-inch prototype. Maybe it could also use the production line that put together this 8K behemoth to make affordable 65- and 55-inch 4K models, too?
As OLED-info reports, though, the 'B5 R&D Line' in China that BoE is apparently eyeing up for production of its TV-sized panels currently has a very low capacity by today's panel production standards. It's certainly not capable of producing anything like the quantities of big-screen OLED panels that a number of LG Display lines can. In fact, its apparent production capacity for large OLEDs appears to be so limited that analysts suspect that BoE likely isn't even contemplating trying to use it to produce screens for the 'mass market', focusing instead purely on the high-end niche.
While such a move by BoE might prick up the ears of anyone reading this article from their super yacht, unfortunately it would be unlikely to move the dial much when it comes to the sort of OLED TVs the vast majority of AV fans buy.
Actually, if some of the 'chatter' surrounding the Display Week show is to be believed, BoE might even struggle to move the premium OLED TV dial, at least in the short term, since while the 95-inch RGBW panel BoE showed apparently impressed in some ways, its overall quality supposedly didn't feel as if it was yet sufficient for a full real-world roll out. Though I should add that I haven't found anyone sharing specific examples of the sort of issues the BoE panel allegedly suffered with.
It does appear, on the upside, as if the yield rates of usable panels at BoE's B5 production line are pretty high, at least. The simple reality, though, is that once you delve even a little behind the eye-catching 'major new manufacturer eyes big-screen OLED production' headlines, the prospect of a pitched new battle between two makers of TV-sized OLED panels and the hammering of OLED TV prices that might follow doesn't look set to become a reality any time soon.
MORE:
The OLED TV to beat: check out our Sony A95K QD-OLED review
Here's the full LG OLED TV line-up for
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